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django如何设置外键
先给data赋值了之后，再去用p保存。例如：
data=Lessonruntime()
data.***=*** #(给data的列赋值）
data.save() #保存data（注，只有在新建data数据时才要，否则用 Lessonruntime.object.get()来获取data的值）
p = Checkinlog(lessonruntimeid=data)
p.save()
这样就可以了。
不可以用 p = Checkinlog(lessonruntimeid=1134)的方式进行赋值。
django 2.0外键处理
Django2.0里model外键和一对一的on_delete参数
在django2.0后，定义外键和一对一关系的时候需要加on_delete选项，此参数为了避免两个表里的数据不一致问题，不然会报错：
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'on_delete'
举例说明：
user=models.OneToOneField(User)
owner=models.ForeignKey(UserProfile)
需要改成：
user=models.OneToOneField(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE) --在老版本这个参数（models.CASCADE）是默认值
owner=models.ForeignKey(UserProfile,on_delete=models.CASCADE) --在老版本这个参数（models.CASCADE）是默认值
参数说明：
on_delete有CASCADE、PROTECT、SET_NULL、SET_DEFAULT、SET()五个可选择的值
CASCADE：此值设置，是级联删除。
PROTECT：此值设置，是会报完整性错误。
SET_NULL：此值设置，会把外键设置为null，前提是允许为null。
SET_DEFAULT：此值设置，会把设置为外键的默认值。
SET()：此值设置，会调用外面的值，可以是一个函数。
一般情况下使用CASCADE就可以了。
下面是官方文档说明：
ForeignKey accepts other arguments that define the details of how the relation works.
ForeignKey.on_delete ¶
When an object referenced by a ForeignKey is deleted, Django will emulate the behavior of the SQL constraint specified by the on_delete argument. For example, if you have a nullable ForeignKey and you want it to be set null when the referenced object is deleted:
user=models.ForeignKey(User,models.SET_NULL,blank=True,null=True,)
Deprecated since version 1.9: on_delete will become a required argument in Django 2.0. In older versions it defaults toCASCADE.
The possible values for on_delete are found in django.db.models :
CASCADE [source] ¶
Cascade deletes. Django emulates the behavior of the SQL constraint ON DELETE CASCADE and also deletes the object containing the ForeignKey.
PROTECT [source] ¶
Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising ProtectedError , a subclass of django.db.IntegrityError .
SET_NULL [source] ¶
Set the ForeignKey null; this is only possible if null isTrue.
SET_DEFAULT [source] ¶
Set the ForeignKey to its default value; a default for the ForeignKey must be set.
SET() [source] ¶
Set the ForeignKey to the value passed to SET() , or if a callable is passed in, the result of calling it. In most cases, passing a callable will be necessary to avoid executing queries at the time your models.py is imported:
fromdjango.confimportsettingsfromdjango.contrib.authimportget_user_modelfromdjango.dbimportmodelsdefget_sentinel_user():returnget_user_model().objects.get_or_create(username='deleted')[0]classMyModel(models.Model):user=models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,on_delete=models.SET(get_sentinel_user),)
DO_NOTHING [source] ¶
Take no action. If your database backend enforces referential integrity, this will cause an IntegrityError unless you manually add an SQLONDELETEconstraint to the database field.
ForeignKey.limit_choices_to ¶
Sets a limit to the available choices for this field when this field is rendered using aModelFormor the admin (by default, all objects in the queryset are available to choose). Either a dictionary, a Q object, or a callable returning a dictionary or Q object can be used.
For example:
staff_member=models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE,limit_choices_to={'is_staff':True},)
causes the corresponding field on theModelFormto list onlyUsersthat haveis_staff=True. This may be helpful in the Django admin.
The callable form can be helpful, for instance, when used in conjunction with the Pythondatetimemodule to limit selections by date range. For example:
deflimit_pub_date_choices():return{'pub_date__lte':datetime.date.utcnow()}limit_choices_to=limit_pub_date_choices
Iflimit_choices_tois or returns a Qobject , which is useful for complex queries , then it will only have an effect on the choices available in the admin when the field is not listed in raw_id_fields in theModelAdminfor the model.
Note
If a callable is used forlimit_choices_to, it will be invoked every time a new form is instantiated. It may also be invoked when a model is validated, for example by management commands or the admin. The admin constructs querysets to validate its form inputs in various edge cases multiple times, so there is a possibility your callable may be invoked several times.
如何在DJANGO里，向有外键的DB里插入数据
普通数据项：直接插入
外键数据项：先获取要插入的外键，然后和普通想一起插入
多对多数据项：获取要插入的多对多数据项，待表中普通数据项和外键数据项save后，使用.add方法加入
PS，如果判断更新还是插入呢？
obj, created = DeployPool.objects.update_or_create(
aa=aa)
print obj, created
Django中，如何为ForeignKey设置默认值最科学
需要用一个外键的表的特定一个值来给创建的对象的某个字段设置默认值，想到如下前两种方法，看到后面一种，都感觉不太科学。
# 1:
default_what = What.objects.filter(name="default")
nation = models.ForeignKey(Country, default='IT')
# 2:
DEFAULT_ID = 1
what = models.ForeignKey(Country, default=DEFAULT_ID)
# 3:
class CountryManager(models.Manager):
"""Enable fixtures using self.sigla instead of `id`"""
def get_by_natural_key(self, sigla):
return self.get(sigla=sigla)
class Country(models.Model):
objects = CountryManager()
sigla = models.CharField(max_length=5, unique=True)
def __unicode__(self):
return u'%s' % self.sigla
class City(models.Model):
nome = models.CharField(max_length=64, unique=True)
nation = models.ForeignKey(Country, default='IT')
form.field['some_field_name'].init = '===请选择选项==='
如果我理解错了，请完善一下你的问题。
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